Pdf explosively formed projectile softrecovery force analysis. As one of the toughest projectiles to defeat, efps act as a serious threat to force survivability. There have been three basic generations of efp, two relatively old and manual, and one recent and requiring precise electronic. Jan 19, 2011 an earlier version of this chapter was published as morrison jj, mahoney pf, hodgetts t. It is very important to research the velocity and morphology change of efp in their movements to improve its performance. It may be constructed of conventional military explosives, such as an artillery round, attached to a detonating mechanism. The projectile forms by dynamic plastic flow and has a velocity of kmsl. Instructions for receiving hard or electronic copies of this publication may be obtained by sending an email. Explosively formed projectile encyclopedia article. An improvised explosive device ied is a bomb constructed and deployed in ways other than in conventional military action. The efp warhead was derived from the misznayschardin device,1 which consists of a right circular cylinder of explosive, with a shallow cavity in one end that is fitted with a thin metallic liner. A bangalore torpedo is an explosive charge placed within one or several connected tubes.
Explosively formed projectile efp is a new branch of the shaped charge technology. Projectile motion projectile motion is a special case of twodimensional motion. Shaped charges have roots in world war ii, but their variants, efps, were employed by hezbollah as early as the 1990s against israelis before migrating to iraq in 2004, according to the u. Soleimanis quds force saturated iraq with efps, a deadly. Gates told reporters today during a pentagon news conference. The effects select physical parameters have on an explosively. Surviving an explosivelyformed projectile attack in iraq. Explosively formed penetrator efp and fragmenting warhead. Vertical launch autonomous attack system vlaas surveilling miniature attack cruise missile.
Any time of the day sometimes at night arterial routes the triggerman needs to see his target coming so he can arm the efp urban streets are less suitable for attack placement may be interrupted and higher risk of collateral overt military and security. To be even more precise, explosively formed projectiles efp are weapons of war that, before hitting their target, use high explosives to alter their shape or other characteristics e. In order to do this, efps must be aerodynamically stable so as to strike the target with a small angle of obliquity,and the decay velocity per meter of efp must be smaller. Velocity of efp changes quickly with the change of efp shape. In order to do this, an efp must be aerodynamically stable so as to strike the target at a small angle of obliquity, and the decay velocity per meter of efp must be smaller at extended standoff. As the name suggests, the effect of the explosive charge is to deform a metal plate into a slug or rod shape and accelerate it toward a target.
A timed sequence at 25 las of an efp, p5, going into a target t1 is shown in fig. Explosively formed projectile efp protection module. Some examples of projectile motion are the motion of a ball after being. It is developed as an antisolid target technology in recent decades.
Explosively formed projectile with slightly worse parameters in respect to the cumulative charge, as well as due to the lack of a clearly defined focal length i. Armourpiercing projectile found by busy west belfast. Armatec provides lightweight efp shields designed to stop explosively formed projectiles, and deliver enhanced protection to the vehicle and crew. In this paper, theory of the exploding forming effects of. Various types are used to cut and form metal, initiate nuclear weapons, penetrate armor, and perforate wells in the oil and gas industry. The penetration capability of an efp is strongly dependent on various design parameters. Explosive formed projectile computer simulation of. The explosive formed penetrator efp shape charge is becoming an improvised explosive device ied that poses an extremely serious threat to armored vehicles used in iraq by both the military humvees and. A new dissident group has claimed responsibility for the explosively formed. Scientists use design models and shock physics codes to predict terminal shape of projectiles. Improvised explosive device project gutenberg self.
Penetration of explosively formed projectiles sciencedirect. Analysis of the mass of behindarmor debris generated by rha. Multiple explosively formed projectiles mefp forming process is numerically simulated with different liner material,such as copper, aluminum, iron and so on. We provide coaching in nda national defence academy, ssb interview service selection board, cds combined defence services, afct air force common admission test, pabt pilot aptitude battery test, and ta territorial army with campus located in chandigarh. Hydrodynamic penetration is a complex mechanism which begins to appear when the strike velocity exceeds a critical value, typically about 1,150ms for current penetrators. When used as roadside bombs, ieds can interdict lines of communication, disrupt traffic, and damage or destroy targeted vehicles. Explosively formed penetrators and iranian c4 the single most lethal weapon american forces faced in iraq was the explosively formed penetrator, or e. Moreover the relationships between time history of crater radius as well as mass of bad and the thickness of rha from 30 mm. Impact effects of explosively formed projectiles on normal. The ultimate goal of weapon system employing an explosively formed penetrator efp is to defeat a target at the longest standoff. In projectile motion the most important force applied to the projectile is the propelling force, in this case the propelling forces are the muscles that act upon the ball to make it move, and the stronger the force applied, the more propelling force, which means the projectile the ball will travel farther. Protection against efps is not required in every operational scenario.
Analytical performance study of explosively formed projectiles. A known quantity of high explosive sandwiched between two plates, just like explosive reactive armor era, was used as a target to simulate the sea mine. The heat and shock wave from the detonation of the explosive projects the steel copper plate from the front of the weapon at a velocity approaching 2000 metres second forming a metallic dart capable of penetrating armour plate up to 10 centimetres thick or more at a range of 100 metres or more. Explosive charge shaped charge panama city explosively form projectile.
An explosively formed penetrator efp, also known as an explosively formed projectile, a selfforging warhead, or a selfforging fragment, is a special type of shaped charge designed to penetrate armor effectively at standoff. Calculation of explosive formed projectile with combination of lagrangian and eulerian codes. Add this site to favorites if you need free pdf documents, ebooks,users guide, manuals,notices and sheets online. Explosively formed projectile how is explosively formed. It is used by combat engineers to clear obstacles that would otherwise require them to approach directly, possibly under fire. The main objective of an explosively formed projectile designed for underwater applications is. Improvised explosively formed projectile typical of devices deployed in iraq device construction constructed from 6 to 9 inch diameter steel pipe, one end of which is sealed with a welded. Explosively formed projectiles efp have been used to defeat armored vehicles for more than 30 years. In order to determine undeformed measurements for the explosively formed projectiles, five projectiles were recovered using a soft. Part of the highpressure shock compression of condensed matter book. It is sometimes colloquially referred to as a bangalore mine, banger or simply bangalore. Aug 30, 20 explosively formed penetrators for dummies interesting series of infographics about just what is an improvised efp.
Improvised explosive devices ieds small arms survey. An earlier version of this chapter was published as morrison jj, mahoney pf, hodgetts t. Its not known, yet, whether these weapons responsible were explosively formed projectiles the socalled superbombs that have caused so much damage elsewhere in iraq. The present research is an effort to study the effect of liner thickness, explosive type and length to diameter ratio of charge l.
Theoretical modelling of shaped charges in the last two. How iran used explosively formed projectiles efps to. Explosively formed projectile device authorstream presentation. Explosively formed projectile efp is a selfforging shape charged structure having very high penetration ability compared to conventional. Influence of liner material on formation of multiple. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Numerical study on the optimum design of explosively formed. Explosively formed projectiles are taking heavy toll in iraq. A shaped charge is an explosive charge shaped to focus the effect of the explosives energy. Study on explosively formed projectiles test system. Penetration of explosively formed projectiles 811 in fig. Analysis of efp and single sandwich era interaction request pdf. The most lethal weapon americans faced in iraq the new york.
Segmented kinetic energy explosively formed penetrator assembly abstract a segmented, kinetic energy projectile is formed by stacking several liners in a single warhead, for effectively producing a longer penetrator capable of greatly enhancing penetration. Pdf the explosively formed projectile efp as a standoff. Analytical and numerical method of c velocity fields for. If one thinks of the hammer blow of an oldtime, brawnyshouldered blacksmith on a glowing piece of iron, one gets a mental image of explosive forming, rather than of a fine machinist using a precise machine to turn screw threads on a part of a gun. Aegis specialist risk management introduction efp stands for explosively formed projectile efp ieds are specifically designed to defeat and penetrate the armour of an armoured vehicle efp ieds are the most lethal perincident insurgent weapon in use in iraq. The projectile that results from its detonation should be called the explosively formed penetrator or self forging fragment.
Velocity fields for the explosively formed projectiles the current paper presents analytical and numerical approaches of velocity performances estimations for the efp explosively formed projectiles. Explosively formed projectiles efps are used to attack armored vehicles, on the other hands the armored vehicles use explosive reactive armor era to. Efps are launched from considerable distance from their targets. Shaped charges and explosively formed projectiles springerlink. Testing technology for explosively formed projectile based on. Nca is estd in 1967 and is one of the best coaching institutes in india. Explosively formed penetrators for dummies interesting series of infographics about just what is an improvised efp. The explosive formed penetrator efp shape charge is becoming an improvised explosive device ied that poses an extremely serious threat to armored. Explosively formed projectile efp is a selfforging shape charged structure having very high penetration ability compared to conventional kinetic energy projectile. The law that the formation parameters of mefp such as velocity, lengthdiameter ratio and radial dispersion angle,influenced by the density and ductility of. Explosively formed penetrators efps have been used in a number of munition systems to defeat armor, masonry and concrete targets. Segmented kinetic energy explosively formed penetrator. To be even more precise, explosively formed projectiles efp are weapons of war that, before hitting their target, use high explosives to alter. The most lethal weapon americans faced in iraq the new.
Improvised explosively formed projectile typical of devices deployed in iraq formation of the projectile the heat and shock wave from the detonation of the explosive projects the steel copper. By the time us forces reached the facility on 10 april 2003, 377 tonnes of premium quality high explosive had been looted. Explosively formed projectiles efps explosively formed projectiles are often referred to as shaped charges, although this can be confusing to the technically uninitiated, because efps do not perform like the majority of more traditional highexplosive antitank heat shaped charges. They died just outside their base at camp victory, baghdad at the hands of an explosively formed projectile efp. A dualpurpose improved conventional munition dpicm is an artillery or surfacetosurface missile warhead designed to burst into submunitions at an optimum altitude and distance from the desired target for dense area coverage. Apr 14, 2020 an explosively formed penetrator efp, also known as an explosively formed projectile, a selfforging warhead, or a selfforging fragment, is a special type of shaped charge designed to penetrate armor effectively. The bangalore blade is made from lightweight aluminium and is configured as a linear explosively formed projectile efp array capable of cutting wire obstacles which earlier bangalore variants were incapable of breaching effectively. This research is intended to expand the available data on explosively formed projectile impacts and determine which, if any, of the existing equations can be used or slightly modified to predict penetration depths. How iran used explosively formed projectiles efps to influence events in iraq on july 7, 2011, two more u.
The submunitions use both explosively formed penetrators for antiarmor work and fragmentation for antipersonnel work. Improvised explosive device ied, a homemade bomb, constructed from military or nonmilitary components, that is frequently employed by guerrillas, insurgents, and other nonstate actors as a crude but effective weapon against a conventional military force. An armourpiercing projectile has been found by a busy west belfast roadside during a threeday security alert. Penetration evaluation of explosively formed projectiles. Hydrocode simulations are carried out using ansys autodyn version 11. Projectile motion s4p115 solve simple freefall problems using the special equations for constant acceleration. Emeritus professor of organic chemistry massachusetts institute of technology director of research and development national fireworks, inc.
An explosively formed penetrator efp, also known as an explosively formed projectile, a selfforging warhead, or a selfforging fragment, is a special type of. Segmented kinetic energy explosively formed penetrator assembly. Surviving an explosivelyformed projectile attack in iraq 2. A new breed of weapons employed by insurgents in iraq is causing heavy casualties to u. A complete round of ammunition consists of all the components necessary for one firing of the. The chemistry of powder and explosives by tenney l. Explosively formed projectile efp wide angle cones and other liner shapes such as plates or dishes do not jet, but give instead an explosively formed projectile or efp. Soleimanis quds force provided efp training and logistics to militants in iraq, along with farreaching supply routes and factories inside the country, the history said, where knowledge and. Pdf explosively formed projectile softrecovery force. The proposed analytical methods mathematically develop velocities parameters of a particular segment for efp liner propelled by. The platter charge should be called just that a platter charge unless there is a more specific and descriptive name.
Numerical study on the optimum design of explosively. Metallographic analysis of piercing armor plate by. Explosively formed projectiles efps are far more lethal than more traditional improvised explosive devices ieds said u. The explosively formed penetrator or efp allowed insurgent forces to hide these weapons far from the road, better camouflaging them and. Afrls munitions directorate, assessment and demonstration division, computational mechanics branch, eglin afb fl.
Each individual liner forms a separate penetrator, so that the liners are. Flash xray was also used to record the flight and penetration of the efp through the target plate. The explosively formed projectile efp as a standoff sea mine neutralization device article pdf available in journal of energetic materials 312. An explosively formed penetrator efp, also known as an explosively formed projectile, a selfforging warhead, or a selfforging fragment, is a special type of shaped charge designed to penetrate armor effectively. Formation of explosively formed penetrator with fins and its. The main objective of an explosively formed projectile designed for underwater applications is to disintegrate the target at longer standoff distances. Per united states army field manual 5250 section 114, page 112 b. The focus of american concern is known as an explosively formed penetrator, a particularly deadly type of roadside bomb being used by shiite. Handbook of firearms and ballistics examining and interpreting forensic evidence second edition. Nevertheless, it perforated the target plate at 4 cds in water. Dualpurpose improved conventional munition wikipedia. An introduction1 adrian wilkinson, james bevan, and ian biddle overview in january 2003 the international atomic energy agency sealed bunkers at the iraqi al qaqaa facility. The effects select physical parameters have on an explosively formed projectiles performance by phillip russell mulligan a thesis presented to the faculty of the graduate school of the missouri university of science and technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree master of science in explosives engineering 2011. An explosively formed penetrator efp, also known as an explosively formed projectile, a selfforging warhead, or a selfforging fragment, is a special type of shaped charge designed to penetrate armor effectively at standoff distances.
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